{"id":3420,"date":"2018-04-20T08:58:59","date_gmt":"2018-04-20T15:58:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/gregalder.com\/yardposts\/?p=3420"},"modified":"2018-04-20T14:10:17","modified_gmt":"2018-04-20T21:10:17","slug":"hand-pollinating-avocados","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gregalder.com\/yardposts\/hand-pollinating-avocados\/","title":{"rendered":"Hand pollinating avocados"},"content":{"rendered":"

It was 95 years ago that J. Eliot Coit, who would later be called the father of the avocado industry, wrote\u00a0the article\u00a0\u201cHow to make the avocado tree bear.\u201d<\/a>\u00a0In other words, we’ve always<\/em> wished avocado trees gave us more fruit. <\/span><\/p>\n

One way to encourage production is to be the bee. Avocado flowers are mostly pollinated by bees, but there’s nothing stopping us from using our hands and joining their pollen transfer party.<\/p>\n

How can we hand pollinate avocado flowers? I’ve played with this for many years, but during this bloom season I’ve spent more time at it and learned better methods.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Method one: Direct Contact<\/b><\/p>\n

The essence of hand pollinating avocado flowers is simple: Put pollen on stigma. And the simplest method to achieve this<\/span>\u00a0is to take a male flower and touch it to a female flower. The male flower has the pollen and the female flower has the stigma. Scroll up to see the top photo again. That is what I’m doing there.\u00a0I’m holding male flowers and I’m touching them to stigmas (which look like little upright sticks) of female flowers.<\/span><\/p>\n

Or here is a close-up:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

How do you know if an avocado flower is male or female? The female has a stigma standing tall and alone in the center of the flower while the male has many parts standing up, those parts being the anthers which release pollen.<\/p>\n

To be specific, what you must do is use a male flower that is dehiscent, meaning the ends of its male parts (anthers) look tattered because they are releasing pollen. Male flowers are not dehiscent right when they open up; they start to release pollen after they’ve already been open for a little while. So pay attention to this characteristic.<\/span><\/p>\n

Then you lightly touch the male flower to the female’s stigma — lightly because you don\u2019t want to damage this delicate part. This will leave pollen grains on the stigma and — Voila!<\/em> — we have pollination.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Avocado flower basics<\/strong><\/p>\n

Before I go on to the second method of hand pollination, let me back up for a second and note that there actually aren’t male and female avocado flowers. All avocado flowers are the same in that they have both male and female parts. They open two times. On the first day they open and act like a female and then they close only to reopen the next day and act like a male. Strange indeed.<\/p>\n

But as a shorthand, I’m going to continue talking of male and female flowers rather than saying something like “functionally male flowers.”<\/p>\n

Please read more about the antics of the avocado flower in this article by Bob Bergh appropriately titled, “The Remarkable Avocado Flower.”<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Cass<\/a>

My son pollinates his Fuerte avocado tree with male flowers from a Lamb.<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Applying the direct contact method<\/strong><\/p>\n

This direct contact method was found to be the most effective in a study of different hand-pollination methods on avocado flowers titled,\u00a0<\/span>\u201cOptimization of controlled pollination in avocado\u201d<\/span><\/a> by M.L. Alcaraz and J.I. Hormaza. <\/span><\/p>\n

It is also a convenient method to use if you have both an A- and B-type avocado tree. You can collect male flowers from a B type in the morning to use immediately on an A type (which is female in the morning). Or you can collect male flowers from an A type in the evening to use on the females of a B type. <\/span><\/p>\n

Avocados are classified “A” or “B” according to the times of day they act like males or females. Some common A types: Hass, Reed, Pinkerton. Some common B types: Fuerte, Bacon, Zutano.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, if you have only one tree or only trees of one type, then you have two alternatives. One, pick and store male flowers. As long as they’re used within a day, the pollen’s viability is said to only be reduced slightly. Best storage conditions are said to be high humidity (95%) and low temperature (39 degrees F).\u00a0Think: crisper drawer of refrigerator.<\/span>\u00a0(See this article for details on avocado pollen storage and viability.<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Or two, visit your tree in the middle of the day when it has both male and female flowers. There is always a window of overlap of an hour or so. For example, in the photo below, my Pinkerton had both male and female flowers at 2:30 PM. That’s about the typical time of day when there’s overlap. But it does vary depending on the weather.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Be aware, of course, that when you remove a male flower you are removing a potential avocado.\u00a0So this is only something you\u2019d do if you had a large tree that could spare flowers or a tree whose fruit you didn\u2019t particularly adore. Or if your tree produces some flowers right near the ground where you wouldn\u2019t want fruit to grow anyway, then just pluck those off.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the case of the Fuerte tree that my son is pollinating above, I collected male flowers from my Lamb tree because my Lamb had an \u201coff\u201d year last year and is currently flowering like crazy so I am reasonably sure it will set tons of fruit — more than it can hold until maturity — and won\u2019t miss the handful of flowers I\u2019ve taken.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Method two: Indirect Contact<\/strong><\/p>\n

A slightly less effective method of hand pollinating avocado flowers is to use a tool to gather pollen from male flowers without actually removing the flowers. Many tools can be used, but most people use small paintbrushes. I\u2019ve found that one of my wife\u2019s makeup brushes works well. (Shhhh. She doesn’t know.) I\u2019ve also used a Q-tip.\u00a0<\/span>But my favorite is a small stick that I wrap in cobwebs. I just spin the stick in a spidery corner. And when I brush it against a male flower the cobwebs have almost a magnetic attraction to the pollen. It seems to work very well.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Collecting pollen with my cobweb stick.<\/p><\/div>\n

Anyhow, you brush a male flower to gather some pollen on your tool and then brush the pollen off onto a female\u2019s stigma. Again, do this during the overlap time mid-day, or if you must wait for female flowers to open, then the pollen should still be viable.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Why hand pollinate avocados?<\/b><\/p>\n

I\u2019m not selling this idea. Hand-pollination of avocados is not a solution for a poorly bearing tree.<\/span>\u00a0Farmers don\u2019t go around hand pollinating in their orchards, and Coit did not advise us to hand pollinate back in 1923. But for us home gardeners there are a couple of situations where hand pollinating might be worth the effort.<\/span><\/p>\n

My Fuerte tree is far from my other avocado trees and so doesn’t benefit from cross-pollination opportunities. The Fuerte variety in particular is known to bear erratically, especially if it doesn’t have an opposite flowering avocado tree nearby. By doing some hand pollinating, I can fill that gap.<\/p>\n

If you have a young tree of a variety whose fruit you’ve never tasted, then you may want to hand pollinate in order to get a fruit or two as early as possible.<\/p>\n

\"avocado<\/a>

Avocado fruitlets on Gwen variety. This is what we want to see!<\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Results of hand pollinating avocados<\/strong><\/p>\n

But don’t have unrealistically high expectations. Avocados on their own are inept at turning flowers into fruit, with a success rate of less than one percent. (See page 33 of Gary Bender\u2019s <\/span>Avocado Production in California<\/span><\/i><\/a> for more on this.) A large avocado tree with a million flowers usually only turns out a couple hundred fruit in one year.<\/span><\/p>\n

And through hand pollination the success rate only inches up. For example, one experiment found a success rate of between three and eight percent, depending on the variety of pollen used.\u00a0In other words, out of one hundred female flowers that received hand pollination, only a maximum of eight turned into fruit. (See the study:\u00a0\u201cSelection of potential pollinizers for \u2018Hass\u2019 avocado based on flowering time and male\u2013female overlapping\u201d by M.L. Alcaraz and J.I. Hormaza<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

But it doesn’t take very long to hand pollinate one hundred avocado flowers. It takes maybe ten minutes. And if I get even two Fuerte avocados for ten minutes of handiwork, well, that’s not a terrible wage.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

You might also like to read:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

How long until an avocado tree fruits?<\/a><\/h1>\n

Growing avocados in Southern California<\/a><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

It was 95 years ago that J. Eliot Coit, who would later be called the father of the avocado industry, wrote\u00a0the article\u00a0\u201cHow to make the avocado tree bear.\u201d\u00a0In other words, we’ve always wished avocado trees gave us more fruit. One way to encourage production is to be the bee. Avocado flowers are mostly pollinated by […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3414,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[113],"class_list":["post-3420","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-avocados","tag-pollination"],"yoast_head":"\nHand pollinating avocados - Greg Alder's Yard Posts: Southern California food gardening<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How to hand pollinate avocado flowers through direct contact of male and female flowers or gathering and storing pollen to use later.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/gregalder.com\/yardposts\/hand-pollinating-avocados\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Hand pollinating avocados - 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