Among the first words out of my two year-old son’s mouth every morning are, “Can I have a banana?” He’ll eat five a day if allowed. So I’m hearing the call to get better about growing them in the yard.

Here in Southern California? Can they really produce?

Good climate for bananas

Bananas can be grown well and easily throughout most of Southern California between the mountains and the ocean, specifically Sunset Zones 24 down to 21 (find your Sunset zone here). Think of the areas that the marine layer consistently rolls over each summer night. This is where it’s a suitable combination of humidity and winter warmth.

I’ve grown bananas within this ideal band.

Banana plants fruiting in the ideal climate of my aunt’s yard in Encinitas, San Diego County.

I’m now in the foothills, Sunset Zone 20, where we get at least a touch of frost every winter. Bananas don’t like frost, of course. Here I’ve learned to put my bananas near a south-facing wall for the best frost protection. (Mere frost won’t kill a banana plant, but it does slow down its fruit production by damaging leaves.)

This Namwah banana plant in my yard was damaged by cold in February 2023 but still flowered that summer and produced about 50 fine bananas.

I’ve seen good banana bunches on plants farther north and in cool, coastal locations too. Here’s a producing mat of banana plants in Carpinteria, Santa Barbara County.

It’s generally helpful for bananas to grow where the wind is not strong. This is for two reasons: they look better (leaves get tattered in wind), and the wind draws moisture out of the leaves. But being out of the wind is certainly not necessary for fruit production.

It’s also generally best to grow bananas in full sun. They will still produce fruit in some shade but likely not as much.

Banana plants in shade of eucalyptus trees at San Diego Zoo still producing some fruit.
My 1988 Journal of the California Rare Fruit Growers dedicated to growing bananas, next to my California home-grown bananas.

How banana plants grow

Banana plants aren’t individuals like, say, tomato plants. Neither are banana plants trees like, say, orange trees. Banana plants are more like giant stalks of grass. New leaves form in the center of the plant stalk, where they are rolled up like a cigar, and then emerge and unfurl above the older leaves.

Blue arrow pointing to new leaf about to emerge.

The banana plant continues to unfurl around 40 new leaves at which time an obviously shorter leaf emerges. This is called a flag leaf.

Blue circle around flag leaf.

The flag leaf indicates that the plant is next going to flower. Then out of the center comes a final, small and narrow leaf, and then a purple flower bud.

Flower bud.

The flower bud lengthens. It has purple leaves that are technically bracts, and under each are groups of flowers that can become banana fruit.

Female flowers becoming banana fruit.

Eventually you have what looks like the bunch of bananas you may have seen in pictures or drawings.

The banana stalk and leaves and flower and fruit grow out of a bulb-like base called a rhizome. That rhizome continually sprouts up new banana plants also. People usually call the group of banana plants emerging from a common rhizome a “mat,” but some call it a clump, and I sometimes think of it as a family.

What does it matter how bananas grow? You want to know that when you put in a single banana plant, in a few years you will have many banana plants.

That’s good and bad. The bad is that you may need to control the spread of the banana mat according to the space you have. You can do this easily by chopping off the baby banana plants with a shovel as they pop up.

The good is that your original banana plant is always multiplying itself. If you want more banana plants in another part of your yard, or if your neighbor wants some, you can grab a shovel and chop a small plant out of the mat and give it away or transplant it.

Starting banana plants

Bananas are an “over the fence” type of plant, as they say. Even though I’ve grown many banana plants, I’ve only bought one. All others have been given to me by friends and neighbors, or I’ve transplanted pups from my own banana mats.

These bananas are growing in my aunt’s yard in Encinitas, started from a pup given to her by my uncle who lives in Covina.

There is nothing tricky to transplanting a banana pup, also called a sucker. You need only to attempt to slice a chunk of rhizome along with the base of the sucker, as well as some roots if possible. The transplanted sucker may lose a couple leaves in its first weeks in the new spot, but that’s no big deal. You can even cut off all the leaves and the plant will soon start shooting out new ones. My habit is to chop the leaves in half just so the plant isn’t struggling to keep them alive, but I don’t really know if that’s the best way compared to doing nothing or cutting off all leaves. I only know that it works.

The sucker I chopped out above, now transplanted with leaves cut in half.

Within a year, that transplanted sucker will multiply into a mat, a family of banana plants.

I’ve always tried to limit my banana families to a mother, who is fruiting, and only two or three children.

Banana mat in my yard, from left to right: teenager, mother with fruit, baby.

Four plants total seems to be an effective number for a banana mat. If more are allowed to grow, it’s said that they won’t fruit quite as well. I’ve never tested this personally, but from observing the banana mats of others it does seem true.

I also know that many commercial banana plantations only allow two plants in a mat. Obviously, they primarily care about maximum fruit production.

How long until a banana plant flowers and fruit ripens

In Southern California, it takes a banana plant longer to fruit compared to the tropics since we have a cooler winter in which our banana plants stop (or nearly stop) growing. Banana plants I’ve grown send out a flower sometime around 1.5 years after planting — it depends on the weather, variety, soil and watering. Then it takes up to six more months for the flower to become a bunch of mature bananas ready for harvest. It can take six months if the plant flowers in the fall, but it can take just a couple months if the plant flowers in the spring.

In summary, it takes about two years to go from planting a small banana plant to harvesting banana fruit.

What time of year does a banana plant flower? Whenever it feels like it. Bananas are a non-seasonal crop.

And so also bananas become ready to eat whenever they feel like it. Much flowering and fruit ripening happens spring through fall around here, but that’s only because banana plants in Southern California are very active in the spring through fall. Sometimes a plant will start fruiting in fall and then the baby bananas just sit there like statues all winter until it warms up in spring, when they resume maturing.

Harvesting bananas

Once a banana plant flowers and begins forming fruit along the flower stalk, some people do nothing.

Flower stalk of ‘Praying Hands’ variety of bananas forming without intervention.

But others fiddle with the plant. They remove the dried tips from the bananas, they remove the flower bud (and some eat it), they cut the stalk.

Flower stalk of ‘Blue Java’ variety of bananas with bottom cut off.

I’ve seen it and tried it many ways and don’t notice a clear difference in the effects on the maturing bananas, in terms of size or speed of growth. One good reason to cut the stalk off below the bananas is to reduce weight, as some varieties of banana are susceptible to toppling.

So what do you do when your banana plant flowers? Watch a most fascinating spectacle. A long thick stalk with a purple spearhead at the end thrusts out from the top of the trunk (technically called a pseudostem) and then groups (usually called “hands”) of bananas form along the stalk.

The number of bananas that grow on this single stalk can be upwards of 50, and the weight of them can get so heavy that the plant topples over. This only sometimes happens. If it seems likely, you can build a prop to support the stalk. A simple prop can be made with 2×2 wood that is connected in one spot with a bolt, such that it can be opened into the shape of an X. The X is wedged under the leaning plant.

Bunch of bananas with flower bud fully extended.

The bananas can be picked once they are plump (no longer so angular) but still green, as commercial bananas are, or you can leave them on the plant until they turn yellow and ripe.

You can either cut off one banana at a time, starting at the top where the most mature ones are, or you can harvest one hand at a time. Individual bananas are called fingers, and groups of bananas attached to the stalk at the same place are called hands.

I wonder why they’re called fingers and hands.

Or you can cut off the whole bunch at once and hang it somewhere, like in your garage or kitchen. This latter method can be more convenient with varieties that are tall and hard to reach.

Chopped down this whole plant in Glendora in order to harvest the banana bunch.

Sadly, a banana plant that has fruited is a banana plant that has fulfilled its end in life and will begin to die. So you can, after harvesting all the fruit, cut off that particular plant. A machete works well for this.

Gladly though, this mother plant has pups coming from the rhizome to take its place. The “family” is not dead, only that single mother plant that just fruited.

Watering and soil conditions that bananas like

To keep a banana plant happy in Southern California, the main thing you need to do is give it water in the dry months of the year. Bananas need little water during the winter here, when they briefly cease growing, but in the summer they love to drink. Give a banana ample water when the air is warm and it will unfurl new leaves before your very eyes.

The other thing bananas appreciate is fertile soil. Sure, many plants appreciate fertile soil, but bananas appreciate it more than most. They’ll grow and fruit even if you never fertilize them. I know this because I’ve done it and I’ve seen friends and neighbors do it. But I’ve also seen how much faster bananas grow in fertile soil, and how much bigger bunches they produce in such conditions.

Bananas’ love for soil fertility was once illustrated to me when I grew some around a compost pit. I had dug a pit and filled it with food and garden scraps, and then planted four bananas around the edge. Some months later I dug one of the plants out and found that it had far more roots on the side facing the pit, where it could feed on the compost.

A friend does something similar by occasionally digging a hole near his bananas and filling it with food scraps, covering it again with mulch. He also uses a fertilizer called ClassiCote 15-8-23. I’ve never used this product, but judging by the results he gets, it is doing no harm.

Zoom in to see that he has multiple large bunches on multiple mats.

Pests and diseases

Speaking of digging, gophers love to eat the roots and rhizomes of bananas. I have lost a number of banana plants to gophers. You’ll see a banana plant leaning and then go lift it and it pulls right out of the ground because a gopher has chewed out its base.

So, trap the gophers, cage the banana plant, whatever you prefer. But know that gophers love to eat bananas. (I trap successfully using Cinch Traps.)

Banana varieties for Southern California

You may be surprised to learn that there are oodles of different kinds of bananas out there. The ones we buy at the grocery store are only one type called Cavendish. But when you grow your own, you’ll likely grow a different type and you’ll be able to experience new banana flavors and textures. You may like them more or less, but they won’t be just like the ones from the store: maybe smaller, maybe not as sweet, maybe firmer, maybe fatter, maybe with bigger seeds, maybe harder to peel, maybe with whiter flesh.

Home-grown banana, not a Cavendish.
Blue Java variety from a friend’s yard beside a couple of Cavendish bananas from the grocery store.

Besides the characteristics of the fruit, you should consider those of the plant. Varieties differ in their height especially. For example, Namwah plants only reach about 10 feet but Blue Java plants can reach over 20. The location of the banana bunches on each variety will likewise differ in height, making it easier or more difficult to protect and harvest.

For fruit production purposes, I prefer the shorter varieties like Namwah, but taller varieties sure are attractive and they can better serve other functions like providing shade and privacy.

Blue Java banana plants in Pacific Beach, San Diego.

And some varieties are decorative.

Ae Ae bananas in Poway, San Diego County.

On the subject of names, banana varieties are slippery. Each variety seems to go by a dozen names. For example, Ae Ae also goes by Hawaiian Variegated, Royal Hawaiian, Musa AeAe, and more. Blue Java is also sometimes called Ice Cream or Vanilla banana. Namwah is also spelled Namwa and Nam Wah, and it’s also called Pisang Awak, Thai banana, Ducasse, Sugar banana, and more.

My recommendation for choosing a banana variety to grow is to try the fruit first if possible. I’ve grown many varieties in the past without first trying the fruit and regretted it: a couple years of space and work and water wasted because the fruit was inferior. Ways in which banana varieties can be inferior include fruit size, seed size, peelability, texture, pithy core, and flavor.

Rather than trusting a person’s or company’s description (such as, “Tastes like ice cream!”), I now only plant what I’ve tasted regardless of the claimed variety name. Banana variety names are numerous, dubious, and unreliable.

The favorite variety I am currently growing doesn’t even have a name, in a sense. My uncle Scott told me he had a tasty variety growing at his place in the San Gabriel Valley. He didn’t know the name; someone just gave him a pup. He gave me some fruit to try. They had everything I wanted in a banana: small size, easy peeling, smooth texture and excellent flavor. I got a pup and now it’s growing in my yard, known as “Uncle Scott’s banana.”

So I’ve decided to focus on growing more bananas to feed the beast that is my younger son. But we know what’s going to happen: By the time I’m bringing in bunches from the yard he’ll start waking up each morning asking, “Can I have an apple?”

Learn more about growing bananas in Southern California:

-Watch a talk called “Let’s Grow Bananas” given by Carol Graham, Master Gardener and member of the California Rare Fruit Growers; Carol has decades of experience growing bananas in north San Diego County

-Look through a slideshow called “Banana Basics” made by Jon Verdick, also located in San Diego County, and also a member of the California Rare Fruit Growers; see the handout that accompanies the slideshow here

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