Among the first words out of my two year-old son’s mouth every morning was, “Can I have a banana?” He would have eaten five a day if allowed. So I was hearing the call to grow more in our yard.

Here in Southern California? Can you really grow bananas?

Climate for bananas

Bananas can be grown well and easily throughout most of Southern California between the mountains and the ocean, specifically Sunset Zones 24 down to 21 (find your Sunset zone here). Think of the areas that the marine layer consistently rolls over each summer night.

Banana plants fruiting in the ideal climate of my aunt’s yard in Encinitas, San Diego County, Sunset Zone 24.

I used to live and garden within this banana climate but I’m now in the foothills, Sunset Zone 20, where we get more frost. Bananas don’t like frost. Here we must be more strategic about where we plant bananas. High on a hill or near a house wall are better, warmer spots during cold winter nights.

The good news is that bananas can take some cold damage each winter and still produce fruit.

This Namwah banana plant in my yard was damaged by cold in February 2023 but still flowered the following summer and produced about 50 fine bananas.

In most of Southern California it’s best for fruit production to grow bananas in full sun. They can benefit from a bit of afternoon shade in the farthest inland valleys and foothill locations though. If they are in shade in a cooler location they will still produce fruit but not as much. This is what I’ve experienced from growing bananas in more and less sun, in coastal and inland locations, as well as what I’ve observed in other people’s banana plants.

Productive bananas in full sun near the beach in Carpinteria, Santa Barbara County.
Banana plants in the shade of eucalyptus trees at the San Diego Zoo still produce fruit but the bunches are always small.

The cruel part is that banana plants always look prettier when grown in some shade. The leaves are greener and less tattered because they’re sheltered from wind. But if you’re growing them for fruit . . .

How banana plants grow

Banana plants aren’t individuals like tomato plants. Neither are banana plants trees like, say, orange trees. Banana plants are more like giant stalks of grass. New leaves form in the center of the plant stalk, where they are rolled up like a cigar, and then emerge and unfurl above the older leaves.

Blue arrow pointing to new leaf about to emerge.

The banana plant continues to unfurl around 40 new leaves at which time an obviously shorter leaf emerges. This is called a flag leaf.

Blue circle around flag leaf.

The flag leaf indicates that the plant is next going to flower. Out of the center comes a final, small and narrow leaf, and then a purple flower bud.

Flower bud.

The flower bud lengthens. It has purple leaves (bracts), and under each are groups of flowers that can become banana fruit.

Female flowers becoming banana fruit.

Eventually you have what looks like the bunch of bananas you may have seen in pictures or drawings.

Notice that the flower bud is still hanging a few feet below the banana bunch.

The banana stalk and leaves and flower and fruit grow out of a bulb-like base called a rhizome. That rhizome continually sprouts up new banana plants also. People usually call the group of banana plants emerging from a common rhizome a “mat,” but some call it a clump, and I sometimes think of it as a family.

(See a technical drawing and description of a banana plant and the names of its parts here.)

What does it matter how bananas grow? You want to know that when you put in a single banana plant, in a few years you will have many banana plants.

That’s good and bad. The bad is that you may need to control the spread of the banana mat. You can do this easily by chopping off the baby banana plants with a shovel as they appear. I think of removing banana pups as the analog of size-control pruning that you do on a peach tree.

The good is that your original banana plant is always multiplying itself. If you want more banana plants in another part of your yard, or if your neighbor wants one, you can grab a shovel and chop a small plant out of the mat and give it away or transplant it.

Banana pup severed from mat/rhizome and ready for transplanting.

Planting bananas

Bananas are an “over the fence” type of plant, as they say. Even though I’ve grown many banana plants, I’ve only bought one. All others have been given to me by friends and neighbors, or I’ve transplanted pups from my own banana mats.

There is nothing tricky to transplanting a banana pup, also called a sucker. You need only to attempt to slice a chunk of rhizome along with the base of the sucker, as well as some roots.

If the pup is small, it will transplant with less stress. If the pup is larger like the one above, then it may lose a couple leaves in its first weeks in the new spot. That’s nothing to worry much about. You can even cut off all the leaves and the plant will soon start shooting out new ones. Some people chop the leaves in half just so the plant isn’t struggling to keep them alive in its first few weeks after transplanting. I do this sometimes, but I don’t know if it’s the best way compared to doing nothing or cutting off all leaves.

The pup I chopped out above, now transplanted with leaves cut in half.

Banana varieties for Southern California

Which kind of banana should you grow?

You may be surprised to learn that there are oodles of different kinds of bananas out there. The ones we buy at the grocery store are only one type called Cavendish. But when you grow your own, you’ll likely grow a different type and you’ll be able to experience new banana flavors and textures. You may like them more or less, but they won’t be just like the ones from the store: maybe smaller, maybe not as sweet, maybe firmer, maybe fatter, maybe with bigger seeds, maybe harder to peel, maybe with whiter flesh, maybe with red peels.

But which kind should you grow?

When I started growing bananas I was willing to plant any variety that someone told me tasted good. I no longer plant any variety unless I’ve tasted the fruit and love it, and I love everything about the plant too. I only have two varieties in my yard these days.

My preferred type of banana to grow and eat: small, easy peeling, moderately sweet, no seeds, no pithy core, firm but moist texture.

This is not to tell you how to choose your varieties, but I do want to help you avoid wasting time, money, space, and work on growing banana varieties that you will ultimately remove.

The best way to avoid this is to get a plant from a friend or neighbor after you’ve eaten the fruit and seen how the plant grows.

I like short banana plants because they’re easier to harvest and protect from weather, but you might want tall banana plants because they are attractive and can better provide shade and privacy. Varieties differ in these characteristics.

Blue Java banana plants in Pacific Beach, San Diego are so tall that they arch over the roof.
Blue Java bananas from a friend’s yard above Cavendish bananas from the grocery store.

Varieties also differ in their ornamental qualities. This might be important to you.

Variegated Ae Ae bananas in Poway, San Diego County.

Beware of banana variety names. Each variety seems to go by a dozen names. For example, Ae Ae also goes by Hawaiian Variegated, Royal Hawaiian, Musa AeAe, and more. Blue Java is also sometimes called Ice Cream or Vanilla banana.

One of the varieties that I am currently growing is Namwah, which is also spelled Namwa and Nam Wah, and it’s also called Pisang Awak, Thai banana, Ducasse, Sugar banana, and more.

I recommend that, as far as practical, you disregard names and even descriptions of varieties on websites and plant tags, and find a pup from a known plant.

The other variety that I am currently growing doesn’t even have a name that I’m aware of. Some years back, my uncle Scott told me he had a tasty variety growing at his place in the San Gabriel Valley. He didn’t know the name; someone just gave him a pup. He gave me some fruit to try. They had everything I wanted in a banana. I saw the plants and they had everything I wanted in a plant. I got a pup and now it’s growing in my yard, known here as the Uncle Scott variety.

Managing a banana mat

Once you’ve chosen a variety and planted a pup, within a year it will have multiplied into a mat of plants that you need to manage. How many plants will you allow in your banana mat?

I’ve always tried to limit my banana mats or families to a mother, who is fruiting, and only two or three children.

Banana mat in my yard, from left to right: teenager, mother with fruit, baby.

Three to four plants total is an effective number for a banana mat. It keeps the mat with a plant that is making fruit at all times. But if more plants are allowed to grow, it becomes difficult to manage the mat. Harvest is more difficult because other plants are in the way. Removing pups is harder because the stalks of other plants are in the way. Even irrigation can be more challenging because the expanding mat will push into pipes.

I have heard it said that a mat with more than four plants won’t fruit as well, but I’ve seen large mats fruiting abundantly. So I don’t think this is a good reason to keep a mat small.

Large banana mat in Tierrasanta, San Diego, with over a dozen plants and five healthy bunches of fruit.

How long until a banana plant fruits in Southern California?

In Southern California, it takes a banana plant longer to fruit compared to the tropics since we have a cooler winter in which our banana plants stop (or nearly stop) growing. Banana plants I’ve grown send out a flower sometime around 1.5 years after planting — it depends on the weather, variety, soil and watering. Then it takes up to six more months for the flower to become a bunch of mature bananas ready to eat. If the plant flowers in the spring, then there can be bananas ready to eat before winter, but if the plant flowers in the fall, then it takes longer for the bananas to mature because of the slow growing during winter.

In summary, it takes about two years to go from planting a small banana plant to harvesting banana fruit.

What time of year does a banana plant flower? Whenever it has grown enough leaves (about 40). Bananas are a non-seasonal crop.

And so also the bananas become ready to eat at different times of the year. However, most flowering and fruit ripening happens spring through fall because banana plants in Southern California are most actively growing in the spring through fall. Sometimes a plant will start flowering in late summer and then the baby bananas just sit there like statues all winter until it warms up in spring when they finish maturing.

Harvesting bananas

Once a banana plant flowers and begins forming fruit along the flower stalk, some people do no intervention and allow the plant to follow its natural path.

Flower stalk of Praying Hands variety of bananas in San Diego County forming without intervention.

But others fiddle with the plant. They remove the dried tips from the bananas, they remove the flower bud (and some eat it), they cut the stalk at a certain length, etc.

Blue Java variety of bananas with flower stalk cut off below the bunch.

(Commercial banana farmers in the tropics go to extremes to produce large, unblemished bananas for our grocery stores, as seen here.)

I’ve seen it and tried it many ways and don’t notice a clear difference in the effects on the maturing bananas, in terms of size or speed of growth. One good reason to cut the stalk off below the bananas, though, is to reduce weight, as some varieties of banana are susceptible to toppling.

If toppling seems likely, build a prop to support the plant and flower stalk. A simple prop can be made with 2×2 pieces of wood or similar sized metal pipes that are connected about a foot from the ends with a bolt, such that they can be opened into the shape of an X. The X is wedged under the leaning plant.

Heavy bunch of bananas supported by a prop in San Diego County.

The bananas can be picked once they are plump (no longer so angular) but still green, as commercial bananas are, or you can leave them on the plant until they turn yellow and ripe.

You can either cut off one banana at a time, starting at the top where the most mature ones are, or you can harvest one hand at a time. Groups of bananas attached to the stalk at the same place are called hands, and individual bananas are called fingers.

I wonder why they’re called fingers and hands. Namwah variety.

Or you can cut off the whole bunch at once and hang it somewhere, like in your garage or kitchen. This latter method can be more convenient with varieties that are tall and hard to reach.

I chopped down this whole tall plant in order to harvest the whole banana bunch.

Sadly, a banana plant that has fruited is a banana plant that has fulfilled its end in life and will begin to die. So you can, after harvesting all the fruit, cut off that particular plant. A machete works well for this.

Gladly though, this mother plant has pups coming from the rhizome to take its place. The family is not dead, only that single mother plant that just fruited.

Watering and soil conditions that bananas like

To keep a banana plant happy in Southern California, the main thing you need to do is give it water in the dry months of the year. Bananas need little water during the winter here (in fact, be careful not to overwater them in winter), but in the summer they love to drink. Think of them as a warm-season grass like Bermuda.

I water my bananas with drip lines today, but I have watered with sprinklers in the past. Both can work.

The other thing bananas appreciate is fertile soil. They’ll grow and fruit even if you never fertilize them. I know this because I’ve done it and I’ve seen friends and neighbors do it. But I’ve also seen how much faster bananas grow in fertile soil, and how big their bunches are in such conditions.

Bananas’ love for soil fertility was once illustrated to me when I grew some around a compost pit. I had dug a pit and filled it with food and garden scraps, and then I planted four bananas around the edge. These bananas grew faster and greener than my banana plants elsewhere.

It’s impossible to give specific fertilizer recommendations because all soil conditions are unique. I just provide for my bananas the way I provide for almost all of my vegetables, which is to say that I add a bunch of my homemade compost, and I’m satisfied with the results.

I will add that a friend gets good results from his bananas by using lots of wood chips as mulch and a fertilizer called ClassiCote 15-8-23.

Big bunch growing on one of his plants.

Pests and diseases

Gophers love to eat the roots and rhizomes of bananas. I have lost a number of banana plants to gophers. You’ll see a banana plant leaning and then go lift it and it pulls right out of the ground because a gopher has chewed out its base.

So, deal with gophers in your preferred way. (I trap successfully using Cinch Traps.)

I’ve never personally experienced or seen any other pests or diseases on bananas in Southern California.

Seven years ago, when I decided to focus on growing more bananas to feed my son, I feared that by the time the plants were grown up and I was bringing in bunches from the yard he would start waking up each morning asking, “Can I have an apple? I don’t like bananas anymore.”

Fortunately, that hasn’t happened. And now he is able to wield a machete and harvest his own.

Here he is chopping down a plant after harvesting a bunch.

Learn more about growing bananas in Southern California:

-Watch a talk called “Let’s Grow Bananas” given by Carol Graham, Master Gardener and member of the California Rare Fruit Growers; Carol has decades of experience growing bananas in north San Diego County

-Look through a slideshow called “Banana Basics” made by Jon Verdick, also located in San Diego County, and also a member of the California Rare Fruit Growers; see the handout that accompanies the slideshow here

-Read the Fruit Facts page on bananas by the California Rare Fruit Growers

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